Cognitive Dissonance And Its Effects On Our Lives - 956 Words

Cognitive Dissonance In psychology, we are learning about the human mind and how we respond to situations, as well as other people in our environment. One concept psychologists are still trying to understand is why do we feel the need to justify actions, thoughts, or ideas that we have that are different from others’? Why are we afraid of failure and not very accepting of being wrong? The class was previously assigned to read an article of two psychologists’ views on these issues and try to explain what strives these behaviors. The reading was very interesting to read and I fully enjoyed it. The selection provided solid, as well as common examples of how cognitive dissonance affects our daily lives and when this might be a factor. In all honesty, it really surprises me as to how far we will actually go to justify our actions in order to prevent rejection and reduce this mental discomfort. To think people will convince themselves to think certainly of something more, just because they can not change their final choice is actually really shocking. To me it seems as though we are just protecting ourselves mentally when we really should be honest with ourselves. Just think about it, what would help us out more in the end? Lying to ourselves to justify our typically wrong decisions to prevent temporary rejection, or just straight up say it’s wrong and be a better person altogether? I can provide two examples as to when cognitive dissonance was present in my own personalShow MoreRelatedCognitive Dissonance Essay1632 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive dissonance can be described as the feeling of discomfort resulting from holding two conflicting beliefs. It can also be said to be the mental conflict that occurs when beliefs or assumptions are contradicted by new information. A well-known psychologist Leon Festinger (1919–89), introduced this concept in the late 1950s where he proved that, when confronted with challenging new information; most people are observed to preserve their current understanding of the world by rejecting or avoidingRead MoreCognitive Dissonance And Its Effect On Behavior1654 Words   |  7 PagesPeople experience cognitive dissonance when they perceive that there is a mismatch between their attitudes and behaviors. Because we are motivated to keep our cognitions consistent, the inconsistency brought about by dissonance becomes a drive that must be reduced. This is done by changing either the attitude or the behavior such that they may accurately align with each other. Eventually, the New Look model to dissonance will shift the causal path to an explanation using avoidance of aversive consequencesRead More Cognitive Dissonance Essay1280 Words   |  6 Pagessocial event. While deciding to go to the party instead, it leads me in a state of tension as the party time can be well spent on studying for the final exam next morning. This state of uneasiness or tension is easily understood as Cognitive Dissonance. Cognitive Dissonance Theory, developed by Leon Festinger (1957), is concerned with the relationships among cognitions (Festinger, 1957). In this context, cognition can be perceived as a piece of knowledge that may inscribe an element of an attitude,Read MoreMistakes Were Made By Me, By Carol Travis And Elliot Aronson1252 Words   |  6 PagesMistakes Were Made (but not by me) Mistakes Were Made (but not by me) by Carol Travis and Elliot Aronson is a book about the definition of cognitive dissonance, how it affects people’s lives and how certain situations and reactions effects the lives of people in various aspects, the different aspects it has in certain situations and how we react to it. Cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs whenever a person who holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent. For example, inRead MoreSocial Psychology And Sociology And Psychology1450 Words   |  6 Pageshad learned during our class, known as post-decision cognitive dissonance. Later I would experience firsthand the concept of stereotype threat and conformity effect; both in a negative way, which would lead to my final resignation. This paper will explain several key terms that have are essential to social psychology; while also connecting them to a real life event that demonstrates their practicality in usage. Continuing on, when describing post-decision cognitive dissonance, it is best to giveRead MoreApplied Social Psychology On Psychology981 Words   |  4 Pages 2 Applied social psychology is one way that psychologist can study our thought, feeling and belief, and how we function around each other, in our everyday lives, here are the five issues that I will be addressing in my literature review they are social influence, Attribution Theory, Group polarization, Cognitive dissonance theory, and Observational Learning. Social applied psychology has been shown to dominant theories and practices of managementRead MoreThe Abuse Of Methamphetamine : Fear And Drive Reduction Model, Disruptions By Shock Tactics And Cognitive Dissonance Strategy872 Words   |  4 PagesThe drug abuse literally destroyed their lives and the community. The rate of children in foster care rose drastically because meth destroyed families and made everyday interactions unbearable. In this paper, we will address three strategies to combat the abuse of meth: Fear and Drive Reduction model, Disruption by shock tactics and Cognitive Dissonance strategy. We will see these methods in use campaign against and increase awareness of the ail effects of meth in order to get people serious aboutRead MoreHow Pragmatism Would Be Appealing For A Wide Audience Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesrapidly changing. Additionally, the concepts put forth were much more comprehensible to novices in philosophy. For example, the main concept put forth by Mr. Charles S. Peirce the father of pragmatism in the text entitled How to Make Our Ideas Clear states, â€Å"that our beliefs are really rules for action†. It was a concise and elegant concept that allowed for mass appeal. However, I believe it would have been best if pragmatism had been thought of as the initiation process that helped us gain understandingRead MoreLeon Festinger s Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance1855 Words   |à ‚  8 PagesLeon Festinger s theory of cognitive dissonance (1957) sets its meaning on the theory that behavior does not support the attitude or vice versa. At many times individuals see themselves experiencing this phenomenon, so in order to reduce this dissonance, either the attitude or the behavior needs to be altered or changed. A perfect example would have to be when a white person says that black and whites are all the same yet he/she would not want to live in a neighborhood with the majority of the populationRead MoreHow Pragmatism Would Be Appealing For A Wide Audience Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pageshelp adapt to a world that was so rapidly changing, but also because the concepts put forth are much more comprehensible to a novice in philosophy. You have for, example the main concept put forth in How to Make Our Ideas Clear. by Mr. Charles S. Peirce the father of pragmatism, â€Å"that our beliefs are really rules for action† It is a concise and elegant concept that all ows for mass appeal. This view however, should be viewed as providing clarification or the start of a process in hopes that we gain

The Iron Mill By Rebecca Harding Davis - 997 Words

In Life in the Iron Mills, Rebecca Harding Davis tells the story of Hugh Wolfe, a lower-class man whose love of beauty and desire to move up in the world ultimately leads to his mental decline and demise. Wolfe lives in a town of smothering grey smog and works in an iron mill reminiscent of Hell, places that induce hopelessness and despair by appearance. In contrast to his surroundings, Wolfe possesses a fierce love of beauty and a talent of sculpting with korl, both of which are frequently associated with higher socioeconomic classes. Initially, it appears that Davis means to reinforce the common associations of beauty with the upper class and unseemliness with the lower class. In the story, beauty can be associated with the upper class characters through their polished appearances and admiration of art, inciting a positive association in response to beautiful imagery; unseemliness, on the other hand, can be associated with the lower class and negative feelings because the mill is reminiscent of hell and the characters are generally unattractive. However, when looked at with a closer lens, it appears the story cannot be taken at face value and the typical feelings surrounding beauty and ugliness do not apply in the story. Appearances can be deceiving: within Life in the Iron Mills, ugliness represents opportunity whereas the beauty serves as a distraction. By juxtaposing unsightly and attractive, Davis shows that mobility is possible only through unattractive, hard workShow MoreRelatedThe Iron Mills By Rebecca Harding Davis Essay1831 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout Cultural Perspectives, many influential texts have been read, analyzed, and discussed. One text, Life in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis, integrates the thoughts of quite a few authors that have been discussed this semester. Through employing a Marxist view of history—there are always the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots†Ã¢â‚¬â€one can see that Life in the Iron Mills exemplifies the struggles that face many â€Å"have-not† citizens throughout history. One can then see the clear connections toRead MoreLife in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis797 Words   |  3 PagesSimilar to other critics, â€Å"Life in the Iron Mills† by Rebecca Harding Davis, is a sentimental story with an ending that changes the tone of the story. As suggested by the majority of this text, there was not to be a favorable ending for the characters as the narrator portrays them so pessimistically; the very first passage begins â€Å"Is this the end? O Life, as futile, then, as frail! What hope of answer is redress?† (p.51). The text might have had a more completed ending with the protagonist, HughRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Of The Iron Mill By Rebecca Harding Davis1070 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution was a time of invention, progress and opportunity. However, there was also a darker side to it all. Rebecca Harding Dav is, author of Life in the Iron Mills, tells the story of ironworker Hugh Wolfe from a first-person narrator’s point of view. This unnamed narrator of an unspecified gender is part of the more privileged class of society. This person resides in the house that the two protagonists of the story, Hugh and Debora Wolfe, used to live in. The higher-ups of thisRead MoreThis essay is an analysis of the story the Life in the Iron Mills by Rebecca Harding Davis.1820 Words   |  8 PagesIn Life in the Iron Mills Rebecca Harding Davis reveals a growing industrial America in the nineteenth century, where an unbelievable level of poverty and limited opportunities of achieving success can cause individuals to take extreme risks to attain a descent lifestyle. Through the novella, Davis illustrates the distinct differences between upper and lower class lifestyles. Immigrant workers, Debora (lovingly called Deb) and Hugh, take the reader to a time when people were used as productionRead More Essay On Life In The Iron Mills1314 Words   |  6 PagesThe modern implications of class can be seen as a general word for groups or group distribution that has become more common. Rebecca Harding Davis’s short story Life in the Iron Mills, together with Raymond Williams’s entry Class delineates the oppressed lower class in a vivid and moving way, exemplifying the impact of social divisions on oppressed working labourers. Davis â€Å"embodies a grim, detailed portrayal of laboring life† (Pistelli 1) with an articulate correlation of Williams’s entry ClassRead MoreLiterary Realism Of The Iron Mills And The Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1388 Words   |  6 Pagesthe reader, social injustice may be dealt with. Two examples that use form to reach the end goal of compassion are Rebecca Harding Davis’ Life in the Iron Mills and The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Rebecca Harding Davis’ Life in the Iron Mills uses an embedded narrative to tell the story of Deb and Hugh, and the daily struggles of Deb’s life. Life in the Iron Mills was written in 1861, two years prior to the Emancipation Proclamation. The goal of this story is to feel compassionRead MoreSusan Glaspell s A Jury Of Her Peers And Flannery O Connor s Good Country People Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesoppression of women, there is much that can be learned by looking back at problematic situations portrayed by women writers of the 19th and 20th centuries. Out of all of the texts written by women only three will be discussed; Rebecca Harding Davis’s Life in the Iron-Mills, Susan Glaspell’s A Jury of Her Peers and Flannery O’Connor’s Good Country People, in which specific symbols are used as representations of the ways in which women were oppressed and how important it is to study these texts todayRead MoreThe Reception And Influence Of Rebe cca Harding Davis2118 Words   |  9 Pagesthe need to speak out for others, especially the lower classes. However, Rebecca Harding Davis observed the suffering of all humanity and decided to give everyone a voice through her writings. Throughout her career, Davis wrote an innumerable amount of works advocating for equal rights among all people, right up until her death in 1910. The following paper will analyze and discuss the reception and influence that Rebecca Harding Davis’s works of literary realism had on the hierarchy of society, in relationRead MoreFeminism During 19th Century American Short Stories4097 Words   |  17 PagesShort Stories Research Question: How is feminism revealed through the divergence of women’s roles in society and their own personal desires in the American short stories â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper,† â€Å"The Story of an Hour,† â€Å"The Storm,† and â€Å"Life in the Iron Mills†? Introduction Literature changes as current events change and as the structure of society begins to shift. American feminist literature started to become prevalent during the Victorian era, or around the latter part of the 19th century. This isRead MoreRealism In Life In The Iron Mills1604 Words   |  7 PagesLife in the Iron Mills is a novella that is hard to classify as a specific genre. The genre that fits the most into this novella is realism, because of the separation of classes, the hard work that a person has to put into their every day life to try and make a difference, and the way society influences the actions of people and their relationships. However, no matter what genre is specifically chosen, there will be other genres present that contradict the genre of choice. While the novella shows

Criminal Justice System Free Essays

The criminal justice system is a complex system with many components all of which operate with a process that allows for equitability for all citizens. It is a system that allows for crime reporting procedures and gives everyone the opportunity to seek justice through a proven, honest system rather than vigilantly justice. It is not a perfect system, but it does work more often than not. We will write a custom essay sample on Criminal Justice System or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a system with numerous checks and balances at varying levels of government. It is formulated on the principles and beliefs of the founders of this country and has endured the test of time. To ensure a flexible and fair system that will grow with an ever changing country, the system modifies as needed through constitutional amendments Components of the Criminal Justice System Within our modern and sophisticated government are intricate components of the criminal justice system. Within this system, at every level is a specific and deliberate process governed by law established by our forefathers. There are elements within this system incorporating major crime reporting procedures. There are varying criteria for crime reporting; some are better than others, but all reporting procedures are designed to bring criminals to justice The criminal justice system essentially has three main components consisting of law enforcement, the court system, and the correctional system. Law enforcement consists of police at many varying tiers of a complex system. Some of these police are your local or county police, sheriffs, state and federal law enforcement officers. The court system is a system that supports law enforcement, but it is designed to assist the defendant’s or alleged criminals also. This system has to be impartial in order to maintain its credibility on both sides of the law with prosecutors and defendants both represented equally within the system and its laws. The corrections system is designed to punish criminals and keep dangerous people separate from the rest of society. It is a system with a life cycle which follows a convicted criminal from verdict to release from an institution. The criminal justice process, which takes place within the system, is very methodical and organized. According to Houghton, Mifflin, Harcourt (2013), â€Å"Criminal justice is a process, involving a series of steps beginning with a criminal investigation and ending with the release of a convicted offender from correctional supervision. Rules and decision making are at the center of this process†. Most importantly in this process are the rules and decisions which are governed through documents as old as our county. These documents provide the guidelines which prosecutors and defendants use and governs law enforcement, court system and the penal systems at all levels. How to cite Criminal Justice System, Papers

Different Style, Diffrent Register free essay sample

Does style influence register or register influence style? Language is an interesting topic to discuss. Basically, Language is defined as a system of communication by sound, I. E. , through the organs of speech and hearing, among human beings of certain group or community, using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meanly. [l] It means people use language to communicate and socialize among them. Language can be studied internally or externally.Internal discussion of language encompasses the structure of language such as phonological, rapscallion and syntactic structures. External discussion of language, on the other hand, discusses about the factors outside of language which relate to Its users such as sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics derived from the words socio and linguistics, so sociolinguists Is a linguistic field which deals with language relate to social context and cultural phenomenon. Its like what Hudson says in his book. He defined sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. 2] Then, Trudging said that Sociolinguistics is that part of linguistics which is concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon. [3] There are many topics in sociolinguistics are interesting to discuss further. One of the interesting topics to discuss Is variety of language. Hudson states that variety of language Is defined as a set of linguistics items with similar social Based on the definition, register and style are varieties of language. Register is a variety of language based on the use. Style, on the contrary, is a variety of language based on the formality.Since two varieties are different-based, it leads confusion that both influence each other. In addition, in mom references, the term register is always hand-in-hand with the term style. Therefore, this essay will try to solve the confusion between the two varieties, In an attempt to answer the question of does register Influence style or style Influence Despite this apparent simplicity of this question, It Is actually a register. Considerable amount of information to synthesize before coming to conclusion. The first thing to know is the concept of Register.Then, I try to explain the concept of Style and finally try to see the correlation between register and style whether they influence each other or not. The first item to discuss is the concept of register. The term Register is widely used In sociolinguistics to refer to Varlets of language according to use. [5] This variety of language relates to certain use or function. Another definition mentioned by Holmes is that register refers to the language of groups of people with common interests or Jobs, or the language used in situation associated with such group. 6] Moreover, Hardware states that registers are sets of vocabulary items associated with discrete occupational or social groups. [7] From the wow definitions, it is clear that register refers to vocabulary which deals with Job. Surgeons, Lorene pilots, Journalists, programmers and criminals tend to have and grammatical constructions. One example mentioned by Holmes in her book the language used by people who describe a sporting event which can be distinguished easily from language used in other contexts especially in the vocabulary.In cricket, people describe positions by using terms like silly mid on, square leg, the covers and gully and describe deliveries by using terms like off-break, googol and leg break. [8] There are some purposes of using registers. Brown states Registers sometimes enable people to identify with a particular group and to maintain solidarity. [9] The use of registers is to show groups identity, for example colleagues talk by using medical terms, they must be workers in medical field such as doctors, nurses, or midwives. Moreover, he says register is also sometimes associated with social class distinction. 10] This means registers can distinguish ones social class, for example educated people will have different registers from uneducated people and rich people will also have different registers from poor people. The notion of register presents the interface between the use of specific code and a particular configuration of situational variables. One way of pinpointing a register is to identify a communicative event along the dimensions. [11] Holiday distinguishes three general types of dimension: field, mode and tenor. 12] The three dimensions will be discusses point by point. The first point of dimensions is field. Field is social setting and purpose of the interaction. [13] Moreover, Hudson stated field is concerned with the purpose and subject-matter the communication. [14] From the wow opinions, it is clear that field deals with the purpose of interaction. In the case of an academic article in a professional Journal, for example, the field should be the subject matter of the article, and the purpose in publishing it would be to spread the argument and ideas among academic colleagues. 1 5] The second point is tenor. Tenor depends on the relations between participants. [16] In addition, Stockpile mentioned that tenor refers to the relationship between the participants in the event. [17] For example, when a student is talking too teacher, an offender too police officer, an office worker to a superior, or a parent to an infant (baby talk). Here register is generally a marker of formality or intimacy. The last dimension is mode. Mode refers to the medium of communication (e. G. Spoken, written or e- mailed). 18] The same opinion is also stated by Hudson. He stated that mode refers to the means by which communication takes place notably, by speech or writing. [19] It is clear that mode relates to medium of interaction. For example, an academic article is in the written mode. Changing this to the spoken mode would change the sister from an article to a speech, and there would be corresponding and differences in the lexicographer; the sentences are shorter and word choice is less formal and perhaps less technical. 20] The three dimensions operate alongside and only when working together can they ensure appropriateness of situation. In other words, register is a variety of language that a language user considers appropriate to a specific situation. [21] The concept of style is the second item to discuss. The term style is not a social or regional dialect, but a variety of language used for a specific purpose. Styles vary considerably within a single language users dialect. When you converse informally with a friend, you use different style than you use in an interview for a Job with a prospective employer. 22] Moreover, Holmes style is a variety of language based on the formality. When people speak, they can speak very formally or very informally. Ceremonial occasions almost invariably require very formal speech, public lecturers somewhat less formal, casual conversation quite informal, and conversation between intimates on matters of little importance may be extremely informal and casual. 24] That means the formality depends on situation. Joss as quoted by Brown described five levels of formality. 1 .An oratorical style is used in public speaking before a large audience; wording is carefully planned in advance, intonation is somewhat exaggerated, and numerous rhetorical devices are appropriate. 2. A deliberative style is also used in addressing audience, usually audiences too large to permit effective interchange between speakers and hearers, although the forms are normally not as polished as those in an oratorical style. A typical university classroom lecture is often carried out n a deliberate style. 3. A consultative style is typically dialogue, though formal enough that words are chosen with some care.Business transaction, doctor-patient conversation, and the like are usually consultative in nature. 4. Casual conversations are between friends or colleagues or sometimes members of a family; in this context words need not be guarded and social barriers are moderately low. 5. An intimate style is one characterized by complete absence of social inhibitions. Talk with family, loves one, and very close friends, where the inner self is revealed, is usually in an intimate style. 25] It is clear that in which condition people involved determines the level of formality or style of speaking.Furthermore, Holmes in her book explained some things to consider related to style such as the influence of addressee on the speakers language and the feature of speech style in a range of context. [26] In the context of the influence of addressee on the speakers language, Holmes stated there are some factors determine the style such as social distance or solidarity, age, and social background of addressee. Social distance refers to how well you know someone and how close you feel to them. 27] That means more intimate relationship, more informal conversation you have with the addressee.The factor of age deals with to whom you speak. People talk differently to children and to adults though some adjust their speech style or accommodate more than others. [28] That is clear that the age influences the style of someones speech. People will speak more formal when they speak to older people and, on the other hand, they will speak more informal when they speak to younger one. When a father talks to his baby, for instance, he will use simple range of vocabulary and less complex grammar so the baby can understand his speech.The last factor social background of addressee relates to the people you speak to. It is based on the social class of addressee, not the age. The case of this factor was shown by newsreaders on different radio stations in New Zealand. The news is the same and the concept is identical except for one factor the addressee. So the same person reading the news on the middle-level station reads in a very much less formal than on the higher brow radio station. [29] The case is clear enough to describe the different style of speech towards different social class.In other words, people use more formal style of speech when they speak to higher class people or community. In addition, related to the feature of speech style in a range of context, Holmes also mentioned some factors to differentiate the audience. Setting refers to the place where the conversation held. Holmes stated that the choice of appropriate form is influenced not by the personal relationship between the participants, but by the formality of the context and their relative roles and statues within that setting. [30] That means different setting will influence the level of formality.Although how close the relationship of a speaker and addressee, they will speak formally if they speak in a formal setting such as at law court. The factor the existence of audience deals with peoples attention to the speech. Holmes claimed that the basis for the distinction between the styles was the amount of attention people were paying to their speech. [31] Moreover, Spooky stated that the more attention we pay to our language and so the more we are likely conform to the favored and educated norms of our society. [32] It shows that the more people pay attention to the speech, the more formal conversation they have.Holmes also gave the example for this factor such as in case of interviewer. The category of style is not only for spoken discourse, but style also can apply to written discourse. The difference of the two discourses is the addressee. The spoken discourse is addressed to listener who can respond immediately and, on the contrary, the written discourse is addressed to readers who cannot respond immediately. [33] The readers should read the long stretches of discourse such as books, essay, and also letter from the beginning until the end before giving a response.

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Criminal Justice Midterm Essay Example

Criminal Justice Midterm Essay Example Criminal Justice Midterm Essay Criminal Justice Midterm Essay Many people of history lived in limited geographical colonies that were independent, close-knit entities called: Question 5 In the 1 asses the security personnel providing protections for the American Express Company were known as shotgun riders. Question 6 What type of model of policing that has evolved in the U. S. Is where there is no national police force and many local and state agencies? Question 7 Jim Crow laws originated in the Southern states as means of segregating the races, but they soon became popular in the Northern states as well Question 8 The U. S government structure is tactically described as a(n): Question 9 1 out Of 1 points A society formal attempt to obtain compliance with the established rules, regulations, and law of that society is called: Question 10 The primary policing function in the U. S. Is to : Question 11 Article IV of the U. S. Constitution that states the individuals states shall not make any laws that AR contrary to those laws outlined by the IS. S. Constitution Question 12 O Out Of 1 points Which of these is considered to be a formal mechanism for social control? Question 13 The system of government founded on the principle of the rule of the people is called: Question 14 According to Luther Click, an individuals span of control should be relatively small, no more than a few people. Question 15 Many of the first police department in the U. S. Were structured after the Metropolitan Police of London. Question 16 Legislative branch officials include the President of the United States at the federal level, governors at the state level, and mayors at the local level. Question 17 Police departments are typically organized so that personnel functions determine organizational division. Question 18 There is evidence that organizational theory, or issues surrounding the practice of organizing, was present during the time of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Question 19 Most social control problems can be solved by passing and enforcing criminal laws. Question 20 The system theory perspective is one that recognizes multiple factors within the organization in an attempt to identify which factors are most relevant the impact of said factors and viewed as open systems. Question 21 The contingent leadership model suggests that patrol officers and supervisor are both leaders and can learn skills to become more effective at leading. Question 22 1 out of 1 point Female police officers were originally hired with the intent that they would assist in the problems related to women and juveniles. Question 23 The Judicial branch of the U. S. Government typically reviews the actions Of police offices during which judicial proceeding? Question 24 The theory that organizational arrangements in a structural sense, much like map and the subject of scrutiny includes how an organization should be structured, task division, personnel assignment control levels is called Scientific Management Theory. Question 25 When police officers attempt to follow the spirit-of the law the means: Question 26 Service as a night watchman or constable was primarily a voluntary duty of the adults males of the community in colonial America. Question 27 It is generally believed by most criminal justice professionals that a greater number of laws in society will lead to a greater respect for the law and a more orderly society. Question 28 During the reconstruction Period following the Civil War, many states in the South began to enact laws that specifically spelled out the rights and responsibilities of the newly freed slaves; these laws were called : Reformation Codes. Question 29 When a law enforcement officers responsible ¶y and right to investigate is limited ( or restricted) by laws to certain matters, it called : Question 30 As of 2000, there were approximately how many local and state levels sworn police officers in the U. S.. Question 31 Originally, vigilantism was based on the premise of self-preservation and self- retention and it was Often encouraged and supported by the best Of citizens. Question 32 All of these are federal law enforcement agencies except: Question 33 A process by which society encourage or enforces compliance with social norms, customs, and laws is called: Question 34 The judicial branch of the government reviews the actions of police officials according to the established rules of constitutional law, criminal procedure, and evidence. Question 35 Which city has the largest local level police department in the U. S. : Question 36 Although she was not the first female police officer in the U. S. Tit full police powers, Alice Stabbing Well was the first president of the International Association of Policewomen in 1915. Question 37 One of the more important theorists was Frederick Taylor was developed the Scientific Management Theory that focused on breading down tasks into its smallest parts to determine the most efficient ways of performing the task. Question 38 The is an approach that views behavior from a rule based philosophy, in that the lava is p aramount, and it is guide for behavior that everyone must allow. Question 39 Frederick Taylor was the primary advocate of an organizational theory known as bureaucracy. Question 40 The size of an organization and the role of an organization are directly related to the way it is organized. Question 41 Weepers main purpose for scientific management was to directly link skill and productivity to pay. Question 42 Which Constitutional Amendment indicated that the power not delegated to the U. S. By the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people ( Hint: states rights amendment)? Question 43 Which of these was function of vigils (night watchers) appointed by Augustus in Rome?

Leadership Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership Philosophy - Essay Example Since the attitudes of the nursing staff can have such a far reaching effect, it is important to ensure as much as possible that this is a positive effect. Though it is not possible to enforce that each member of a nursing staff has the exact same attitude and manner towards patients, doctors, relatives, and other nurses, there are steps that can be taken from the nursing leaders that can help make the best possible environment. No one really ever wants to be in a situation that requires the aid of a nurse, and it is important to remember that even though patients need the help given to them, they don’t deserve to be made to feel as though they are burdensome. One style of leadership is referred to as democratic or participatory. In this style, all of the members of a team are given one vote in regards to decisions affecting their work environment. This model of leadership is modeled after our U.S. government. What this mode accomplishes is to instill a sense of having an effect over the outcome of decisions. If nursing staff are subject to the decisions of a leader who refuses to take into consideration in any way the opinions of the staff, this leader might incite resentment if there are policies decided upon that the staff disapproves of. If there was a decision that was made that was arrived at by asking every single member who it affected, these members will be less likely to hold it against the leadership as they were partially responsible for the outcome. I have chosen to discuss democratic leadership primarily because it is the way our country works, and I think it is the most effective way to instill a sense of belonging in a group of people. It might not be possible to run every single decision by voting, whatever can be put to a vote should be put to a vote as much as possible. In this way the staff will feel as though they are able to influence their own

Issues in Global Business Burberry 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in Global Business Burberry 2012 - Essay Example Small portion of the study discusses the impact of Profit before Tax on strategic buyback decision of Burberry. The company needs to expand their global franchise operation in order to decrease value chain cost. The study will focus on globalization strategy of Burberry Group plc in terms of retail distribution network. Report shows that direct control strategy of the company will help them to push total market capitalization in near future. Hybrid matrix structure of Procter and Gamble has been recommended for future growth Burberry Group. Hybrid matrix diagram will help the company to set up strategic business units in Asia and Latin America. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Case Statement 4 Strategy Analysis 5 Financial Perspective 5 Leverage Control 6 International Growth Strategy 8 SWOT Analysis 8 Porter’s Five Forces Analysis 9 Strategic Theme 11 Conclusion 11 Recommendation 12 Reference 14 Burberry Burberry Group plc is a renowned global luxury brand. The company i s headquartered at London, England. Burberry Group plc was established by Thomas Burberry in the year 1856. The brand specializes in offering apparel and leather goods. Burberry Group plc offers products through diversified distribution network complemented by retail channel, wholesale, licensing channel and digital platform. The company has achieved a total revenue growth of 7% in the year 2011. Burberry has created a digital platform named as â€Å"Burberry World Live† in order to enhance their web visibility. Intraday market capitalization of the London based company is $5.3 billion while they maintain a profit margin of 12.1 % on category sales (Yahoo Finance, 2012). Case Statement Burberry Group plc has recently announced that they will directly operate in beauty and fragrance category. The company has no plan to continue license relationship with their partner Interparfums SA. Fragrance and beauty has been categorized as fifth product division for Burberry Group. The ot her four categories are accessories, women apparel, men apparel and children apparel. Angela Ahrendts (Chief Executive Officer of Burberry Group plc) has stated that they took the decision of direct control in order to achieve greater control over product portfolio of fragrance and beauty category. The CEO believes that the company has significant opportunities to drive growth from fragrance and beauty products and the move will also leverage infrastructure & upward integration of value chain. Direct operation of the company for fragrance and beauty categories will start from 1 April 2013. Burberry Group took the decision for following strategic objectives. Achieving greater brand control Increase penetration in opening price point categories The company will pay all total Euro 181 million for ending license relationship and ?71m of total amount will be used for recognising exceptional items The London based company will earn a adjusted profit before tax or PBT in financial year 201 3/14 and from FY 2014/15 the PBT will accelerate Retail and wholesale contribute 90% of total business for the company hence they will design diversified retail channels for their fifth product category (Burberry Group plc, 2012) Strategy Analysis Burberry has purchased the perfumes selling license from Interparfums SA by paying ?142m. Stock analysts believe that the company is pushing harder in the perfume and cosmetic segment in order to

Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Questions - Assignment Example Finally they will formulate a screening process. Staffing professional will perform other duties apart from recruiting such as; 2. Training and evaluation- candidate while in probations staffing professionals will monitor their performance and make recommendations. They will advice management on whether to retrain or recruit another candidate(s). Organization’s effort of retaining their workforce in a given period of time (sometimes a financial year). Retention is targeted on high performing and valuable employees. The other group of low performers will be retrained or fired to save the organization some costs. 2. Training executives- staffing professional undertake executive training to improve competence and efficiency. Assessment is made before training to determine the strengths and weaknesses of individual executives. 5. After hiring the candidate must be trained while being monitored to ensure he qualifies in actual job environment. This period is known as probation and will influence the next step by the staffing managers. Management will find strategies to retain employees to reduce turnover costs. Retaining high performing employee will ensure continuity and avoid unnecessary recruiting costs. Strategies will range from training to motivation of the existing work force. Some low performing employees leaving will benefit the organization from making losses. Assessment of the workforce will show low performances. The organization is more profitable without their contribution. These employees might be placed in an area which they are unqualified hence leaving will benefit them. High morale and outstanding performance by employee will result in low turnover. Employee retention or non retention will result in high turnover an organization. To correct high turnover managers and staffing professionals will correct factors affecting retention. Staffing professionals are very crucial

The Electronic Electrical Engineering Engineering Essay

The Electronic Electrical Engineering Engineering Essay Electronic electrical engineering incorporated with mechanical system has a big impact in a variety of field, such as biomedical, underwater vehicle, safety and security, space and etc. Before we actually start discussing the benefits and advantages that electronic and electrical engineering gives us in our everyday life, lets have some insights of the history of electronic engineering. Electronic engineering as a profession sprang from technological improvements in the  telegraph  industry in the late 1800s and the  radio  and the  telephone  industries in the early 1900s. People were attracted to radio by the technical fascination it inspired, first in receiving and then in transmitting. Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were only amateurs in the period before  World War I. The modern discipline of electronic engineering was to a large extent born out of telephone, radio, and  television  equipment development and the large amount of electronic systems development during  World War II  of  radar,  sonar, communication systems, and advanced munitions and weapon systems. In the interwar years, the subject was known as  radio engineering  and it was only in the late 1950s that the term  electronic engineering  started to emerge. In underwater, electronic and electrical engineering is doing a paramount job in the development of underwater vehicle technology, such as submarine, remotely operated underwater vehicle, and more significantly, automated underwater vehicle. An Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is a robotic device that is driven through the water by a propulsion system, controlled and piloted by an onboard computer, and maneuverable in three dimensions. This level of control, under most environmental conditions, permits the vehicle to follow precise preprogrammed trajectories wherever and whenever required. Sensors on board the AUV sample the ocean as the AUV moves through it, providing the ability to make both spatial and time series measurements. Sensor data collected by an AUV is automatically geospatially and temporally referenced and normally of superior quality. Multiple vehicle surveys increase productivity, can insure adequate temporal and spatial sampling, and provide a means of investigat ing the coherence of the ocean in time and space. The fact that an AUV is normally moving does not prevent it from also serving as a Lagrangian, or quasi Eulerian, platform. This mode of operation may be achieved by programming the vehicle to stop thrusting and float passively at a specific depth or density layer in the sea, or to actively loiter near a desired location. AUVs may also be programmed to swim at a constant pressure or altitude or to vary their depth and/or heading as they move through the water, so that undulating sea saw survey patterns covering both vertical and/or horizontal swaths may be formed. AUVs are also well suited to perform long linear transects, sea sawing through the water as they go, or traveling at a constant pressure. They also provide a highly productive means of performing seafloor surveys using acoustic or optical imaging systems. When compared to other Lagrangian platforms, AUVs become the tools of choice as the need for control and sensor power increases. The AUVs advantage in this area is achieved at the expense of endurance, which for an AUV is typically on the order of 8- 50 hours. Most vehicles can vary their velocity between 0.5 and 2.5 m/s. The optimum speed and the corresponding greatest range of the vehicle occur when its hotel load (all required power except propulsion) is twice the propulsive load. For most vehicles, this occurs at a velocity near 1.5 m/s. The degree of autonomy of the robot presents an interesting dichotomy. Total autonomy does not provide the user with any feedback on the vehicles progress or health, nor does it provide a means of controlling or redirecting the vehicle during a mission. It does, however, free the user to perform other tasks, thereby greatly reducing operational costs, as long as the vehicle and the operator meet at their duly appointed times at the end of the mission. For some missions, total autonomy may be the only choice; in other cases when the vehicle is performing a routine mission, it may be the preferable mode of operation. Bidirectional acoustic, radio frequency, and satellite based communications systems offer the capability to monitor and redirect AUV missions worldwide from a ship or from land. For this reason, semi-autonomous operations offer distinct advantages over fully autonomous operations. In the outset of development of AUV, AUVs have been used for a limited number of tasks dictated by the technology available. With the development of more advanced processing capabilities and high yield power supplies, AUVs are now being used for more and more tasks with roles and missions constantly evolving. Its application covers a variety of field, such as in commercial, military, research, as well as hobby. In the commercial side, the oil and gas industry employs AUVs to sketch out detailed maps of the seafloor before they start building subsea infrastructure; pipelines and subsea completions can be installed in the most cost effective manner with minimum disruption to the environment. The AUV allows survey companies to conduct precise surveys or areas where traditional bathymetric surveys would be less effective or too costly. Also, post-lay pipe surveys are now possible. Whereas in the military field, AUV does play an important role as a typical military mission for an AUV is t o map an area to determine if there are any mines, or to monitor a protected area (such as a harbor) for new unidentified objects. AUVs are also employed in anti-submarine warfare, to aid in the detection of manned submarines. Apart from that, scientists use AUVs to study lakes, the ocean, and the ocean floor. A variety of sensors can be affixed to AUVs to measure the concentration of various elements or compounds, the absorption or reflection of light, and the presence of microscopic life. Sensors, the primarily oceanographic tools, AUVs carry sensors to navigate autonomously and map features of the ocean. Typical sensors used by AUV include  compasses, depth sensor, side scan and other sonar, magnetometers,  thermistors  and conductivity probes.  One of the most conspicuous contributions of electrical and electronic engineering incorporated with mechanical system is the navigation of AUV. AUVs can navigate using an  underwater acoustic positioning system. An  Underwater Acoustic Positioning System  is a system for the tracking and navigation of underwater vehicles or divers by means of acoustic distance and/or direction measurements, and subsequent position triangulation. Underwater Acoustic Positioning Systems are commonly used in a wide variety of underwater work, including oil and gas exploration,  ocean sciences, salvage operations,  marine archeology, law enforcement and military activities. Basically, there are three broad types or classes that can be categorized in underwater acoustic positioning system. The first one is Long Baseline (LBL) Systems:  Long baseline systems, use a sea-floor baseline transponder network. The transponders are typically mounted in the corners of the operations site. LBL systems yield very high accuracy of generally better than 1 m and sometimes as good as 0.01m along with very robust positions. This is due to the fact that the transponders are installed in the reference frame of the work site itself (i.e. on the sea floor), the wide transponder spacing results in an ideal geometry for position computations, and the LBL system operates without an acoustic path to the (potentially distant) sea surface. Acoustic positioning systems measure positions relative to a framework of  baseline stations, which must be deployed prior to operations. In the case of a  long baseline (LBL)  system, a set of three or more baseline transponders are de ployed on the sea floor. The location of the baseline transponders either  relative to each other  or in global  must then be measured precisely. Some systems assist this task with an automated  acoustic self-survey, and in other cases  GPS  is used to establish the position of each baseline transponder as it is deployed or after deployment. When a surface reference such as a support ship is available,  ultra-short baseline  (USBL) or  short-baseline (SBL)  positioning is used to calculate where the subsea vehicle is relative to the known (GPS) position of the surface craft by means of acoustic range and bearing measurements. USBL systems and the related super short baseline (SSBL) systems rely on a small (ex. 230  mm across), tightly which is installed either on the side or in some cases on the bottom of a surface vessel. Unlike LBL and SBL systems, which determine position by measuring multiple distances, the USBL transducer array is used to measure the target  distance  from the transducer pole by using signal run time, and the target  direction  by measuring the  phase shift  of the reply signal as seen by the individual elements of the transducer array. The combination of distance and direction fixes the position of the tracked target relative to the surface vessel. Additional sensors including GPS, a gyro or electronic compass and a vertical reference unit are then used to compensate for the changing position and orientation (pitch, roll, and bearing) of the surface vessel and its transducer pole. USBL systems offer the advantage of not requiring a sea floor transponder array. The disadvantage is that positioning accuracy and robustness is not as good as for LBL systems. The reason is that the fixed angle resolved by a USBL system translates to a larger position error at greater distance. Also, the multiple sensors needed for the USBL transducer pole position and orientation compensation each introduce additional errors. Finally, the non-uniformity of the underwater acoustic environment cause signal refractions and reflections that have a greater impact on USBL positioning than is the case for the LBL geometry integrated transducer array that is typically mounted on the bottom end of a strong, rigid transducer pole. In the other hand short baseline systems use a baseline consisting of three or more individual sonar transducers that are connected by wire to a central control box. Accuracy depends on transducer spacing and mounting method. When a wider spacing is employed as when working from a large working barge or when operating from a dock or other fixed platform, the performance can be similar to LBL systems. When operating from a small boat where transducer spacing is tight, accuracy is reduced. Like USBL systems, SBL systems are frequently mounted on boats and ships, but specialized modes of deployment are common too. For example, the  Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution  uses a SBL system to position the  Jason  deep-ocean ROV relative to its associated MEDEA depressor weight with a reported accuracy of 9  cm. Besides, GPS Intelligent Buoys (GIB) is also employed in AUV navigation; the systems are inverted LBL devices where the transducers are replaced by floating buoys, self-po sitioned by GPS. The tracked position is calculated in real time at the surface from the Time-Of-Arrival (TOAs) of the acoustic signals sent by the underwater device, and acquired by the buoys. Such configuration allows fast, calibration-free deployment with accuracy similar to LBL systems. At the opposite of LBL, SBL or USBL systems, GIB systems use one-way acoustic signals from the emitter to the buoys, making it less sensible to surface or wall reflections. GIB systems are used to track AUVs, torpedoes, or divers, may be used to localize airplanes black-boxes, and may be used to determine the impact coordinates of inert or live weapons for weapon testing and training purposes. In recent years, several trends in underwater acoustic positioning have emerged. One is the introduction of compound systems such the combination of LBL and USBL in a so-called LUSBL configuration to enhance performance. These systems are generally used in the offshore oil gas sector and other high-end applications. Another trend is the introduction of compact, task optimized systems for a variety of specialized purposes. For example the California Department of Fish and Game  commissioned a system, which continually measures the opening area and geometry of a fish sampling net during a trawl. That information helps the department improve the accuracy of their fish stock assessments in the  Sacramento River Delta. Hundreds of different AUVs have been designed over the past 50 or so years, but only a few companies sell vehicles in any significant numbers. Vehicles range in size from man portable lightweight AUVs to large diameter vehicles of over 10 meters length. Once popular amongst the military and commercial sectors, the smaller vehicles are now losing popularity. It has been widely accepted by commercial organizations that to achieve the ranges and endurances required to optimize the efficiencies of operating AUVs a larger vehicle is required. However, smaller, lightweight and less expensive AUVs are still common as a budget option for universities. Some manufacturers have benefited from domestic government sponsorship including Bluefin and Kongsberg. The market is effectively split into three areas: scientific (including universities and research agencies), commercial offshore (oil and gas etc.) and military application (mine countermeasures, battle space preparation). The majority of these roles utilizes a similar design and operates in a cruise mode. They collect data while following a preplanned route at speeds between 1 and 4 knots. Commercially available AUVs include various designs such as the small REMUS 100 AUV developed by  Wood Holes Oceanographic Institution in the US. Most AUVs follow the traditional torpedo shape as this is seen as the best compromise between size, usable volume, hydrodynamic efficiency and ease of handling. There are some vehicles that make use of a modular design, enabling components to be changed easily by the operators.   The market is evolving and designs are now following commercial requirements rather than being purely developmental. The next stage is likely to be a hybrid AUV/ROV that is capable of surveys and light intervention tasks. This requires more control and the ability to hover. Again, the market will be driven by financial requirements and the aim to save money and expensive ship time. Today, while most AUVs are capable of unsupervised missions most operators remain within range of acoustic telemetry systems in order to maintain a close watch on their investment. This is not always possible. For example, Canada has recently taken delivery of two AUVs (ISE Explorers) to survey the sea floor underneath the Arctic ice in support of their claim under Article 76 of the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea. Also, ultra-low-power, long-range variants such as  underwater gliders  are becoming capable of operating unattended for weeks or months in littoral and open ocean areas, per iodically relaying data by satellite to shore, before returning to be picked up.

HYPNOSIS :: essays research papers

METHODOLOGY †¢ CASE STUDY RESEARCHES  INTERVIEWS  QUESTIONNAIRES What is Hypnosis? Hypnosis is a specific and unusual form of verbal control that apparently enables one person to control another person’s behavior, thoughts and perceptions. Examples of hypnosis: Under hypnosis, a person can be induced to bark like a dog, act like a baby, or tolerate pierced with needles. Importance of Hypnosis Hypnosis is important to psychology because it provides insights about the nature of consciousness and has applications in the fields of medicine and psychotherapy. Uses of Hypnosis Hypnosis can play a useful role in medicine, dentistry and psychotherapy. Thus, it can be used to suppress the pain of the childbirth or of having one’s teeth drilled. It is also useful in reducing the nausea caused by the drugs used in chemotherapy for cancer. Hypnosis can also be used to help people break a bad habit such as smoking. Finally, hypnosis is often used in psychotherapy to help patients discuss painful memories whose inaccessibility is impeding progress. Reasons for Hypnosis, not being used in every day life: Not all can be hypnotized The induction of hypnosis takes some time Habits reside largely in the subconscious. Willpower alone can't reach the subconscious. Hypnosis can HOW HYPNOSIS WORKS TO HELP PEOPLE QUIT SMOKING? Hypnosis can be an astonishingly powerful tool for shifting a person into becoming a nonsmoker. For some people, the results are miraculous. They emerge from their hypnosis session permanently convinced in body, mind and emotions that they will never light up a cigarette again. There is, however, a catch: the person must be fully willing to become a nonsmoker. Sometimes a prospective hypnosis client believes that the hypnotist can get him/her to quit smoking. That is not the truth. No one can help you quit something but yourself. But...if you've already made the decision to quit, what hypnosis can do is reinforce that choice, and make it much easier and more comfortable for you. DOES BEING HYPNOTIZED FEEL WEIRD? No. Most people experience hypnosis as a pleasant and normal sensation of deep relaxation. In fact, all of us go in and out of light hypnotic states every day. An example of this is daydreaming. WILL I FORGET EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENS DURING MY SESSION? Although it's possible to relax so deeply that one doesn't remember her or his hypnosis session, most people remain fully aware of all that occurs. If this is a concern for you, ask your hypnotist to suggest to you that you will remember everything that has happened--and you will.